gist
type: Ontology
version IRI: gistCore14.0.0
definition: gist is a minimalist upper ontology created by Semantic Arts.
history note: gist 14.0.0 released 2025-Oct-31. gist 13.0.0 released 2024-Jul-24. gist 12.1.0 released 2024-Feb-27. gist 12.0.1 released 2023-Jul-28. gist 12.0.0 released 2023-Jul-05. gist 11.1.0 released 2022-Oct-10. gist 11.0.0 released 2022-Apr-11.
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

domain includes
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Relates a property to a class that the property is expected to be used on.
example: The domain of the property gist:containedText includes gist:Tag and gist:Text.
scope note: There may be multiple domainIncludes assertions on a single property.
scope note: This property is used to guide the ontology user; like all annotation properties, it does not play a role in inference.
sub property of: scopeNote

is superseded by
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Relates a deprecated term to a term that replaces it, which is either an exact (in the case of simple renaming) or approximate (in the case of renaming and some semantic change) semantic match.
example: gist:connectedTo was superseded by gist:isConnectedTo (renaming with no semantic change).

license
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Relates something to its conditions of use.
example: The gist ontology is licensed under the CC By 4.0 license.
scope note: Could refer to a license object by URI or name or could consist of the license text itself.

range includes
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Relates a property to a class that is an expected type of its values.
example: The range of the property gist:isCategorizedBy includes gist:Category.
scope note: There may be multiple rangeIncludes assertions on a single property.
scope note: This property is used to guide the ontology user; like all annotation properties, it does not play a role in inference.
sub property of: scopeNote

allows
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a permission to a particular activity or type of activity it allows.
example: An easement grants a right to cross or otherwise use someone else's land for a specified purpose.

comes from agent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
range: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
definition: Relates something to the originating agent.
example: A package is shipped by a person; a purchase order is emailed to a vendor by an organization.
scope note: This is not the inverse of gist:goesToAgent, as both properties have the message or shipment as the subject.
scope note: This property is intended to describe the physical or electronic transfer of something, such as a package or email, from one agent to another, whereas gist:hasGiver is typically used in more abstract contexts such as agreements, obligations, contracts, etc. However, there are contexts in which either may be appropriate, such as the giving of a gift.

comes from place
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: Address
  union of: Geographic Location
definition: Relates something to its place of origin.
example: A letter has a return address indicating its origin; a delivery route originates at a distribution center; a trail originates at the trailhead.

conforms to
type: ObjectProperty
definition: The subject is consistent with or satisfies the requirements, rules, or expectations established by the object.
example: Meet an obligation; adhere to a specification or standard; meet terms and conditions of an offer; comply with a regulation.
range includes: Intention

contributes to
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a part of a system to the system whose goals or function it contributes to.

goes to agent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
range: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
definition: Relates something to the agent that receives it.
example: A package is sent to a person; a purchase order email is received by a vendor.
scope note: This is not the inverse of gist:comesFromAgent, as both properties have the message or shipment as the subject.
scope note: This property is intended to describe the physical or electronic transfer of something, such as a package or email, from one agent to another, whereas gist:hasRecipient is typically used in more abstract contexts such as agreements, obligations, contracts, etc. However, there are contexts in which either may be appropriate, such as the recieving of a gift.

goes to place
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: Address
  union of: Geographic Location
definition: Relates something to its destination place.
example: A letter has an address indicating its destination; a segment of a delivery route terminates at a delivery location; a trail terminates at an intersection with another trail.

has accuracy
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Magnitude
definition: Relates a magnitude to another magnitude that describes its accuracy.
example: Temperature accurate to tenth of a degree C; length accurate to the nearest centimeter.
scope note: gist uses the ISO-5725 definition of accuracy, which is a combination of trueness (a measure of systemic error) and precision (a measure of random error). The accuracy of a measurement method describes how close its measurements are to actual values. Similarly, the accuracy of an individual measurement is its likely closeness to the actual value. When we say a temperature measurement is accurate to within a tenth of a degree, it means with a certain probability such as 95%. Note that the unit of measure of the accuracy has to be compatible with the unit of measure of the original magnitude (e.g. something measured in meters could have a accuracy in terms of millimeters or any other unit that measures distance).
domain includes: Magnitude

has addend
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an aspect to another aspect that is an additive component of it.
example: In the equation 'profit = revenue - expenses', revenue is an addend and expenses is a subtrahend.
scope note: Commonly used with financial metrics.

has address
type: ObjectProperty
range: Address
definition: Relates something to its physical or electronic address.
example: A brick-and-mortar store has a street address; a person can be contacted electronically via an email address.

has aspect
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Aspect
definition: Relates a magnitude to its aspect (measurable characteristic).

has biological parent
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Living Thing
range: Living Thing
definition: Relates a living thing to its biological parent.

has broader
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: Relates a thing to another thing with a broader meaning.
example: The aspect distance is broader than the aspect height.

has direct broader
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has broader
definition: Relates a thing to another thing with a broader meaning, when there is no intermediate between them.
scope note: Unlike gist:hasBroader, this property is not transitive. It is safest to use this property when semantic directness is inherent in the relationship. Otherwise, there is a risk of making a hasDirectBroader assertion and then later inserting an intermediate part; this will result in making an asserted triple false even though there was no change in the world. When in doubt, use the transitive version gist:hasBroader.

has divisor
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a unit of measure to another unit of measure that is a divisor, or relates an aspect to another aspect that is a divisor.
example: Miles per hour has miles as a multiplier and hour as a divisor; speed has distance as a multiplier and duration as a divisor.
scope note: Provides a supplemental method of decomposing a unit of measure or an aspect into component factors. Enables dimensional analysis such as miles per hour x hours = miles.

has giver
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
property disjoint with: has recipient
definition: Relates something to the participant that provides it.
example: An offer is made by a giver; an obligation has a giver who is obligated to another person; a gift is presented by the giver.
scope note: This property is often used in abstract contexts such as agreements, obligations, contracts, etc., whereas gist:comesFromAgent is intended to describe the physical or electronic transfer of something, such as a package or email, from one agent to another. However, there are contexts in which either may be appropriate, such as the giving of a gift.

has goal
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something to the end towards which it directs effort.
example: The sales division of a company has the goal of acquiring new customers and contracts.

has incumbent
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a position to the thing or person that currently holds that position.
scope note: To create a temporal view, define a subclass of gist:TemporalRelation for this property (e.g., Incumbency).

has magnitude
type: ObjectProperty
range: Magnitude
definition: Relates a thing to a magnitude.
example: A car or model of car has magnitudes for length, width, weight, average miles per gallon, etc.

has multiplier
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a unit of measure to another unit of measure that is a factor, or relates an aspect to another aspect that is a factor.
example: Miles per hour has miles as a multiplier and hours as a divisor; speed has distance as a multiplier and duration as a divisor.
scope note: Provides a supplemental method of decomposing a unit of measure or aspect into component factors. Enables dimensional analysis such as miles per hour x hours = miles.

has navigational parent
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a child category to a parent category in an informal (e.g., faceted) hierarchy.
example: Refrigerator handles are not refrigerators, but it may be useful to represent their relationship hierarchically for a faceted UI filter.

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something (e.g. an agreement) to things that play a role, or take part or are otherwise involved in some way.
example: An event of transferring money has a participating account that receives the money.
scope note: The thing with participants will often be an agreement, event or obligation. Participation does not imply agency.
scope note: This will most often be used as an abstract property. Use subproperties that indicate the nature of the participation (e.g. hasBorrower, hasVenue).

has party
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
range: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
definition: Relates an event, agreement, or obligation to a participating person or organization.
example: Loan agreements have lender and borrower parties.
scope note: Subproperties may be defined to describe specific parties, such as hasLender and hasBorrower for a loan.

has physical location
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
range: Geographic Location
definition: Relates something to its physical location.
scope note: This property does not distinguish between things whose locations are stable and those whose locations change over time; e.g., a fire hydrant vs. a car.

has recipient
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has participant
definition: Relates something to the participant that receives or is intended to receive it.
example: An offer is made to a recipient; an obligation has a recipient to whom another person is obligated; a gift is bestowed upon a recipient.
scope note: This property is used in abstract contexts such as agreements, obligations, contracts, etc., whereas gist:goesToAgent is intended to describe the physical or electronic transfer of something, such as a package or email, from one agent to another. However, there are contexts in which either may be appropriate, such as the giving of a gift.

has subtrahend
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an aspect to another aspect that is a subtracted component of it.
example: In the equation 'profit = revenue - expenses', revenue is an addend and expenses is a subtrahend.
scope note: Commonly used with financial metrics.

has unique broader
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has broader
type: FunctionalProperty
definition: Relates a thing to a unique other thing with a broader meaning.

has unique navigational parent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has navigational parent
type: FunctionalProperty
definition: Relates a subject category to a unique parent category in an informal (e.g., faceted) hierarchy.

has unit group
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Aspect
range: Unit Group
definition: Relates an aspect to a unit group. The aspect can be measured using any of the members of the unit group.
example: The aspect distance can have a unit group that includes the units meter, inch, foot, etc.

has unit of measure
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Magnitude
range: Unit of Measure
definition: Relates a magnitude to its unit of measure.
example: The magnitude 87 inches of height has unit of measure inches.

is about
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Content
definition: Subject matter of a document.

is affected by
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an affected thing to the source of the effect.

is allocated by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: Intellectual Property
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
definition: Relates something to whomever or whatever assigns or distributes it.
example: A U.S. Social Security number is allocated by the U.S. Social Security Administration; the media type https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/csv is allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
scope note: The allocator may be a person, organization, or automated process.
domain includes: Category
domain includes: ID

is assignment of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an assignment to the resource it assigns.
example: Assignment of a person to a project.
scope note: People, organizations, monetary amounts, equipment can all be assigned.
scope note: While typically this predicate will be used with assignment subjects, there may be other use cases, and therefore a domain is not specified.
domain includes: Assignment
range includes: Equipment
range includes: Intellectual Property
range includes: Organization
range includes: Person

is assignment to
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something (typically an assignment) to the thing the resource is assigned to, such as a project, position, organization, pay rate, or billing rate.
scope note: While typically this predicate will be used with gist:Assignment subjects, there may be other use cases, and therefore a domain is not specified.
domain includes: Assignment

is based on
type: ObjectProperty
definition: The object is a foundation for, a starting point for, gave rise to, or justifies the subject.
example: A document is based on a document template; a metric computing the average income of a population is based on the metric for individual income.

is categorized by
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something to a taxonomy term or other less formally defined classification.
range includes: Category

is connected to
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
definition: A non-owning, non-causal, non-subordinate (i.e., peer-to-peer) relationship.

is direct part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is part of
definition: The relationship between a part and a whole where the part has independent existence and there are no other parts in between.
scope note: Because the part has independent existence, there is no cascading delete.
scope note: It is safest to use this property when semantic directness is inherent in the relationship, rather than simply expressing a chosen granularity. For example, a spark plug is a direct part of an engine block; there cannot be any intermediate parts. Otherwise, there is a risk of making an isDirectPartOf assertion and then later inserting an intermediate part; this will result in making an asserted triple false even though there was no change in the world. When in doubt, use the transitive version gist:isPartOf.

is expressed in
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something to the language it is expressed in.
domain includes: Text
range includes: Language

is first member of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is member of
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Ordered Member
range: Ordered Collection
definition: Relates the first member of an ordered collection to the collection.
scope note: Given the Open World Assumption, the absence of a predecessor does not entail that an ordered member is the first member of an ordered collection. This property is used to explicitly indicate the first member. Since ordered collections need not be strictly ordered, there can be more than one first member.

is geographically contained in
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: Geographic Location
range: Geographic Location
definition: Relates one geographic location to another that contains it.

is governed by
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an entity to another entity that controls, directs, determines or has a guiding influence or authority over it.
example: A country geographic region is governed by a country government; the installation and use of software is governed by a license.

is identified by
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
range: ID
definition: Relates something to a content object that uniquely identifies it.
scope note: This is like a URI: a thing can have more than one ID, but each ID can refer to only one thing. Note that it is possible to have two IDs with the same text that refer to different things.

is made up of
type: ObjectProperty
range: Physical Substance
definition: Relates something to a substance that it is made up of.
example: A vase is made of clay; water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.

is member of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a member individual to the thing, such as a collection or organization, that it is a member of.
range includes: Collection
range includes: Organization

is part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: The relationship between a part and a whole where the part has independent existence.
scope note: Because the part has independent existence, there is no cascading delete.
scope note: The transitive version of gist:isDirectPartOf.

is produced by
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something to the thing that created, composed, or brought it into existence.
example: A deliverable is produces by a task.
example: A measurement is produced by a sensor.
example: A painting is produced by a person.

is recognized by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
definition: Relates something to a party that formally acknowledges its existence, validity, or legality.
example: The existence of a particular company is recognized by the state.

is rendered on
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates content to the media on which it is rendered.
example: A document is rendered on a computer screen; a piece of music is rendered through speakers.

is triggered by
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a contingency, such as an event or obligation, to the event that gives rise to it.
example: Fire insurance is contingent on a particular building burning down; the death benefit payout on a life insurance policy is contingent on the death of the insured person.
scope note: For obligations, this property describes what must happen to trigger the contingent obligation. Other uses include controls, processes, etc.

is under jurisdiction of
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a law, contract, etc., to the system of law or government which has the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply it.

links
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates a network link to a network node that it connects to another node. Used when the connection is undirected or the direction is not known.
domain includes: Network Link
range includes: Network Node

links from
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: links
definition: Relates a network link to its origin network node. Unlike the superproperty, this represents a directed connection.
domain includes: Network Link
range includes: Network Node

links to
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: links
definition: Relates a network link to its destination network node. Unlike the superproperty, this represents a directed connection.
domain includes: Network Link
range includes: Network Node

occurs in
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something, such as an event, to the geographic location where it did, does, or will happen.

offers to provide
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an offer to the thing being made available for exchange.
example: An offer to provide a specific product in exchange for an amount of money or to pay a certain price for a home that is for sale.
scope note: This will most often be a good or service, but could be an amount of money, e.g., for currency exchange.
domain includes: Offer

offers to receive
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates an offer to the thing expected in return for the offered item.
example: A vendor makes an offer to receive a particular amount of money in exchange for the offered product; an offer to receive a home in exchange for an amount of money.
scope note: This will most often be an amount of money, but could be anything of value, as in swaps.
domain includes: Offer

owns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
definition: Relates a party to something that it possesses and controls.
scope note: The ultimate form of ownership is the right to destroy.
scope note: There is a long list of potential range classes.

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: A generic ordering relation indicating that the subject comes before the object.
scope note: The less-than symbol is often used to represent this relation.
scope note: This is the transitive version of gist:precedesDirectly.
scope note: Typically this predicate would be used asymmetricallly and irreflexively, but the ontology does not formalize this.

precedes directly
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: precedes
definition: A generic ordering relation indicating that the subject comes immediately before the object.
scope note: If two items in an ordered collection share the same position, they both directly precede the following element.
scope note: It is safest to use this property only when the directness has a semantic correspondence with the world. Only break a direct link by inserting an intermediate item when that change corresponds to a change in the world.
scope note: Typically this predicate would be used asymmetricallly and irreflexively, but the ontology does not formalize this.

prevents
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Intention
range: Behavior
definition: Relates an intention to behavior that it prohibits.
example: A city ordinance prohibits jaywalking.

provides order for
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Ordered Member
definition: Links a member of an ordered collection to the real-world item it represents in that collection.

refers to
type: ObjectProperty
definition: Relates something to another resource that it points to, indicates, or references.

requires
type: ObjectProperty
definition: The subject needs the object or makes it necessary, mandatory, or compulsory.
example: Humans require air; solar power requires sunshine.
scope note: This predicate is defined generally enough to encompass a few different meanings of the English word 'requires': 1. To need something or to make something necessary. 2. To order or demand something, or to order someone to do something, especially because of a rule or law. 3. To make it officially necessary for someone to do something. Implementations requiring a more specific meaning should define subproperties.

actual end date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date that something ended, with precision of one day.
example: '2021-06-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for things where the precision of a date is sufficient, such as most projects, tasks, and the like. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

actual end date time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date and time that something ended, with no implied precision.
scope note: This is an abstraction over the various precisions of actual end time, and is not expected to be asserted directly. Values of predicates with different precisions can be compared since they are all formally xsd:datetimes.

actual end microsecond
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual time that something ended, expressed as a system time used for timestamps.
example: '2021-06-01T08:03:27.12324-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: A system time will be as precise as the system can supply, typically at least milliseconds, sometimes microseconds. The convention for timestamps, such as recording a transaction, is to specify just the end point; the start time is rarely needed.

actual end minute
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date and time that something ended, with precision of one minute.
example: '2021-06-01T08:32:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for things like meetings and time card entries, where the hour and minute are important. Recommended usage is to zero out the seconds and microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

actual end year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date that something ended, with precision of one year.
example: '2021-01-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
example: The tenure of the previous chairman of the board ended in 2021.
scope note: Used for things where the precision of a year is sufficient. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision. Note that it is not valid to zero out months and days, so arbitrary values must be included.

actual start date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date that something started, with precision of one day.
example: '2021-06-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for things where the precision of a date is sufficient, such as most projects, tasks, and the like. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

actual start date time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date and time that something started, with no implied precision.
scope note: This is an abstraction over the various precisions of actual start time, and is not expected to be asserted directly. Values of predicates with different precisions can be compared since they are all formally xsd:datetimes.

actual start microsecond
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual time that something started, expressed as a system time used for timestamps.
example: '2021-06-01T08:03:27.12324-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: A system time will be as precise as the system can supply, typically at least milliseconds, sometimes microseconds. The convention for timestamps, such as recording a transaction, is to specify just the end point; the start time is rarely needed. This property is defined for the cases when you do need to capture the runtime of a system process, and is then used in conjunction with gist:actualEndMicrosecond.

actual start minute
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date and time that something started, with precision of one minute.
example: '2021-06-01T08:32:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for things like meetings and time card entries, where the hour and minute are important. Recommended usage is to zero out the seconds and microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

actual start year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The actual date that something started, with precision of one year.
example: '2021-01-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
example: The tenure of the current chairman of the board began in 2021.
scope note: Used for things where the precision of a year is sufficient. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision. Note that it is not valid to zero out months and days, so arbitrary values must be included.

at date time
type: DatatypeProperty
range: dateTime
definition: The date and time at which something did or will occur, with variants for precision, start and end, and actual vs. planned.
scope note: This is the top level property for asserting time, and is not expected to be asserted directly. The subproperties allow the ontologist to do three things: 1) Distinguish start and end times. 2) Indicate whether a time is planned or actual. This is useful for everything from project management to calendar appointments and the like. It is also useful for date effectivities; i.e., something valid up to a planned date). 3) Distinguish varying levels of precision; sort of a simple version of the Allen functions. All datetimes are of the same format: '2021-06-01T08:03:27.12324-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime. This is compatible with and a subset of ISO 8601. Time zone offset, such as -6:00 (of which there are a few dozen) is recognized in the date itself, as shown. The actual time zone standard (of which there are 131) may optionally be attached to the event or other object itself. There will be many historical dates that do not have a time zone offset (e.g., Lincoln's birthday, as well as about 75% of all legacy systems), and in that case the offset can be omitted. The conventions for precision that are repeated in each property name are as follows: - *DateTime is an abstraction over the various precisions of its subproperties. - *Date refers to a calendar date (e.g., birthdays and invoice dates) and is assumed to have precision of one day. Time zone offset is allowed. - *Minute refers to clock time; e.g., a meeting will start at 9:15 with a timezone offset. Precision is assumed to have precision of one minute. - *Microsecond refers to system time, and it will be as precise as the system can supply; typically at least milliseconds, sometime microseconds.

birth date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date some living thing was or will be born, with precision of one day.
example: '2021-06-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: This is a subproperty of gist:startDateTime rather than gist:actualStartDate because some living things have yet to be born. This property refers to a calendar date and is assumed to precision of one day (time zone offset is allowed). It is recommended to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision. Implementations requiring a birthdate to the minute can define a subproperty.

contained text
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: A string that is closely associated with an individual.
example: The string associated with a tag or with text content.
domain includes: Tag
domain includes: Text

conversion factor
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Unit of Measure
range: Datatype
  union of: decimal
  union of: double
definition: A value that relates a unit of measure to units of the International System of Units.
example: In the equation 1 inch = 0.0254 meters, the value 0.0254 is the conversion factor of inch.
scope note: To convert a numeric value from one unit of measure to another, multiply by the conversion factor of the first unit and then divide by the conversion factor of the second unit. For example, to convert 27 feet to yards: the conversion factor of foot is 0.3048 the conversion factor of yard is 0.9144 so 27 feet = (27 x 0.3048) / 0.9144 = 9 yards

conversion offset
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: A value used along with a conversion factor to relate a unit to its corresponding unit in the International System of Units. In the equation below, the conversion offset is 459.669607 and the conversion factor is 5/9. y degrees Fahrenheit = (y + 459.669607) x 5/9 degrees Kelvin To convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin, first add the offset and then multiply by the conversion factor. To convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit, reverse the steps: first divide by the conversion factor and then subtract the offset.

death date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: actual end date
range: dateTime
definition: The date some living thing died.
example: '2021-06-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Refers to a calendar date and is assumed to have precision of one day (time zone offset is allowed). Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision. Implementations requiring a death date to the minute can define a subproperty.

description
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: A statement about someone or something's attributes or characteristics.
example: 'The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931.'
example: A person does not have a definition, but might be described as being six feet tall with brown hair and blue eyes; an ontology class or taxonomy term has a definition.
scope note: This property is used to describe instance data which is not part of the ontology. A definition and a description have different semantics. Use skos:definition for a statement of the meaning of a thing and gist:description to describe a thing's attributes, characteristics, or features.

encrypted text
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contained text
range: string
definition: Encoded text produced from readable data by an algorithm so that it can only be understood or restored with a decryption key.

end date time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: at date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date and time that something ends.
scope note: This property is neutral along two dimensions: precision (e.g., day, second, millisecond) and actual vs. planned. As such, it will generally not be asserted directly except in special cases (e.g., for time intervals).
scope note: Values of predicates with different precisions can be compared since they are all formally xsd:datetimes.

exponent of ampere
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of ampere in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 milliampere = 0.001 x ampere' the conversionFactor for milliampere is 0.001 the exponent of ampere is 1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing milliampere must be a multiple of ampere.

exponent of bit
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of bit in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 megabit per second = 1000000 x bit per second' the conversion factor for megabit per second is 1000000 the exponent of bit is 1 the exponent of second is -1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing megabit per second must be a multiple of bit per second.

exponent of candela
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of candela in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 candlepower = 1 x candela' the conversion factor for candlepower is 1 the exponent of candela is 1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing candlepower must be a multiple of candela.

exponent of Kelvin
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of Kelvin in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation 'y degrees Fahrenheit = (y + 459.6669607) x 5/9 degrees Kelvin' the conversion offset for degree Fahrenheit is 459.6669607 the conversion factor for degree Fahrenheit is 5/9 the exponent of Kelvin is 1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing degree Fahrenheit will have a similar equation, with different offset or conversion factor (or both).

exponent of kilogram
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of kilogram in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 millimole per gram = 1 x mole per kilogram' the conversion factor for millimole per gram is 1 the exponent of mole is 1 the exponent of kilogram is -1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing millimole per gram must be a multiple of mole per kilogram.

exponent of meter
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of meter in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 microgram per milliliter = 0.001 x kilogram per meterCubed' the conversion factor for microgram per milliliter is 0.001 the exponent of kilogram is 1 the exponent of meter is -3 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing microgram per milliliter must be a multiple of kilogram per meterCubed.

exponent of mole
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of mole in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 katal = 1 x mole per second' the conversion factor for katal is 1 the exponent of mole is 1 the exponent of second is -1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing katal must be a multiple of mole per second.

exponent of number
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of number in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 beat per minute = 0.016667 x number per second' the conversion factor for beat per minute is 0.016667 the exponent of number is 1 the exponent of second is -1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing beat per minute must be a multiple of number per second.
scope note: Use when the unit of measure involves a count or other number.

exponent of other
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: Indicates whether a unit of measure can be expressed in terms of the standard exponents (as shown in the examples).
example: Decibel, pH, and octave are units of measure that are logarithmic. Their unit groups have exponent of other = 1.
scope note: Set the value to 0 if the units of measure in the unit group can be expressed using the standard set of exponents (as in the examples). Otherwise set the value to 1, which typically means the units of measure in the group use a logarithmic scale.

exponent of radian
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of radian in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 revolution = 6.283 x radian' the conversion factor for revolution is 6.283 the exponent of radian is 1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing revolution must be a multiple of radian.

exponent of second
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of second in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 watt-hour = 3600 x kilogram meterSquared per secondSquared' the conversion factor for watt-hour is 3600 the exponent of kilogram is 1 the exponent of meter is 2 the exponent of second is -2 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing watt-hour must be a multiple of kilogram meterSquared per secondSquared.

exponent of steradian
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of steradian in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 watt per square meter steradian = 1 x kilogram per secondCubed steradian' the conversion factor for watt per square meter steradian is 1 the exponent of kilogram is 1 the exponent of second is -3 the exponent of steradian is -1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing watt per square meter steradian must a multiple of kilogram per secondCubed steradian.
scope note: Steradian is a measure of solid angle.

exponent of US dollar
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Unit Group
  union of: Unit of Measure
range: decimal
definition: The exponent of US Dollar in a product of powers of base units.
example: In the equation '1 million dollars per week = 1.65344 x dollar per second' the conversion factor for million dollars per week is 1.65344 the exponent of US Dollar is 1 the exponent of second is -1 all other exponents are zero Every member of a unit group containing million dollars per week must be a multiple of dollar per second.
scope note: The factors for converting from one currency to another change constantly.

id text
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
definition: A text string that identifies an individual.
example: The id text for a car is '4Y1SL65848Z411439'; the id text for the HR department of some company is H31415.
scope note: A common use case would be for pre-existing internal company identifiers.
scope note: Often, there will be just one identifying text string. More would be appropriate if the individual had different identifiers, such as employee number and social security number. A good way to model that would be to have functional subproperties of idText, such as departmentNumber.
scope note: This property is an alternative to using the property gist:isIdentifiedBy in conjunction with instances of the class gist:ID.

is recorded at
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: at date time
definition: The date that something was posted (which is not necessarily the date it occurred). It must be after the date of occurrence, but could be before or after the planned date.
example: The date and time a customer payment or stock purchase was posted.
scope note: Precision may vary according to context.

latitude
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Geographic Point
range: double
definition: Degrees above or below the equator.

longitude
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Geographic Point
range: double
definition: Degrees from the prime meridian.

name
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: Relates an individual to (one of) its name(s).

numeric value
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Datatype
  union of: byte
  union of: decimal
  union of: double
  union of: float
  union of: int
  union of: integer
  union of: long
  union of: negativeInteger
  union of: nonNegativeInteger
  union of: nonPositiveInteger
  union of: positiveInteger
  union of: short
  union of: unsignedByte
  union of: unsignedInt
  union of: unsignedLong
  union of: unsignedShort
  union of: rational
  union of: real
definition: The actual value of a magnitude.

planned end date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: planned end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date that something is or was planned to end, with precision of one day.
example: '2021-06-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for anything with a planned end date, such as when a lease will expire, when an offer is no longer available, etc. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

planned end date time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date that something is or was planned to end, with no implied precision.
scope note: This is an abstraction over the various precisions of planned end time, and is not expected to be asserted directly. Values of predicates with different precisions can be compared since they are all formally xsd:datetimes.
scope note: This property, unlike gist:actualEndDateTime, does not have a subproperty for microsecond precision, because planned times typically are not expressed at that level of granularity. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual.

planned end minute
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: planned end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date and time that something is or was planned to end, with precision of one minute.
example: '2021-06-01T08:32:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for things like meetings and time card entries, where the hour and minute are important. Recommended usage is to zero out the seconds and microseconds to avoid spurious precision.Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual.

planned end year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: planned end date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date that something is or was planned to end, with precision of one year.
example: '2021-01-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
example: The automobile manufacturer announced that it will stop producing gas-powered vehicles in 2035.
scope note: Used for anything with a planned end date where precision of one year is sufficient. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision. Note that it is not valid to zero out months and days, so arbitrary values must be included.

planned start date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: planned start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date that something is or was planned to start, with precision of one day.
example: '2021-06-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for anything with a planned start date, such as when a lease will start, when a configuration becomes available, etc. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

planned start date time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date and time that something is or was planned to start, with no implied precision.
scope note: This is an abstraction over the various precisions of planned start time, and is not expected to be asserted directly. Values of predicates with different precisions can be compared since they are all formally xsd:datetimes.
scope note: This property, unlike gist:actualStartDateTime, does not have a subproperty for microsecond precision, because planned times typically are not expressed at that level of granularity. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual.

planned start minute
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: planned start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date and time that something is or was planned to start, with precision of one minute.
example: '2021-06-01T08:32:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
scope note: Used for things like meetings and time card entries, where the hour and minute are important. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual. Recommended usage is to zero out the seconds and microseconds to avoid spurious precision.

planned start year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: planned start date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date that something is or was planned to start, with precision of one year.
example: '2021-01-01T00:00:00-6:00'^^xsd:dateTime
example: The automobile manufacturer announced that its full line-up will include only electric cars starting in 2035.
scope note: Used for anything with a planned start date where precision of one year is sufficient. Typically a planned date is in the future when first captured, but when tasks run late, we leave the plan where it was and compare it to the actual. Recommended usage is to zero out the hours through microseconds to avoid spurious precision. Note that it is not valid to zero out months and days, so arbitrary values must be included.

sequence
type: DatatypeProperty
range: integer
definition: For ordering ordered lists.

start date time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: at date time
range: dateTime
definition: The date and time that something starts.
scope note: This property is neutral along two dimensions: precision (e.g., day, second, millisecond) and actual vs. planned. As such, it will generally not be asserted directly except in special cases (e.g., for time intervals).
scope note: Values of predicates with different precisions can be compared since they are all formally xsd:datetimes.

symbol
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: A symbol for something using only ASCII characters.
example: The ASCII symbol for square meter is m^2.
domain includes: Unit of Measure

unique text
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contained text
type: FunctionalProperty
definition: The unique string value of some content object, to be used when there is no possibility of having more than one value.
example: The unique string for a vehicle identification number.
scope note: Note that the uniqueness only goes in one direction: a product catalog number might also be an employee ID.
domain includes: ID
domain includes: Media Type
domain includes: Tag
domain includes: Text

Account
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Agreement
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has magnitude
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Magnitude
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has aspect
        has value: balance
definition: An agreement having a balance.
example: A bank account, a credit card account, an accounts receivable account.

Address
type: Class
subclass of: Content
definition: A reference to a place (real or virtual) that can be located by some routing algorithm and where messages or things can be sent or received.
example: A PO Box, a URL to a PDF file.

Address Usage Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A category indicating the context or manner in which an address may be used.
example: Billing, business, personal, postal, residence.
scope note: If you are using temporal relations involving addresses, this category should be used to qualify the temporal relation rather than the address itself, since the same address may have different uses in different contexts, by different people and organizations, or at different times.

Agreement
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Intention
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has party
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is direct part of
    min qualified cardinality: 2
    on class: Commitment
definition: A mutually understood arrangement in which two or more parties make commitments to one another.
example: A gym membership is an agreement in which the member commits to paying the gym a certain price and the gym commits to allowing access to their facilities.
scope note: While an agreement has two or more parties, and contains commitments which bind those parties, it will not always be necessary to instantiate each individual commitment.

Aspect
type: Class
disjoint with: Event
definition: A measurable characteristic.
example: Length, weight, cost, cycle time, defect rate.
scope note: Depending on implementation, every aspect should be related to a unit group either directly or through a broader aspect. For example, angle of incidence could be related to the broader concept of angle, which in turn is related to a unit group, or it could be related directly to the unit group without the hierarchical relationship.

Assignment
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Temporal Relation
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has giver
    some values from: Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is assignment of
    some values from: Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is assignment to
    some values from: Thing
definition: A temporal relationship between an assignee, the thing assigned, and the resource that made the assignment.
example: An employee is assigned to a task by a supervisor. A person is assigned to a position.
scope note: Based on the Open World Assumption, the assigner may not be asserted or known.
scope note: For some assignments, such as the assignment of a person to a task, it may seem equally correct in ordinary speech to say it is an assignment of a task to a person. Since gist:isAssignmentTo and gist:isAssignmentOf have no formal domains or ranges, the choice of which predicate to use for which is left as an implementation decision. Consistency is a key consideration.

Behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A category indicating the nature of an activity.
example: Drilling and cutting are two different kinds of manufacturing event.

Building
type: Class
subclass of: Landmark
definition: A relatively permanent man-made structure situated on a plot of land, having a roof and walls, commonly used for dwelling, entertaining, or working.
example: A house, school, store, factory, chicken coop.
example: Negative examples: houseboats (not built on land), caves (not man-made), food trucks and RVs (not permanently situated).
scope note: User discretion can be applied to edge cases: e.g., is a traditional yurt 'relatively permanently situated' although it is portable and has a tent-like construction?

Bundled Catalog Item
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Catalog Item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is direct part of
    some values from: Catalog Item
definition: Any combination of descriptions of things offered together.
example: A kit containing several parts offered together; a product plus a warranty.

Catalog Item
type: Class
subclass of: Specification
definition: A description of a product or service to be delivered, given in a sufficient level of detail that a receiver could determine whether delivery constituted discharge of the obligation to deliver.
scope note: In short, an unambiguous characterization of what it is that a potential buyer is paying for.

Category
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is allocated by
  some values from: Class
    union of: Intellectual Property
    union of: Organization
    union of: Person
disjoint with: Event
definition: A concept or label used to categorize other instances without specifying any formal semantics.
example: Tags used in folksonomies; formal definitions from other systems.
scope note: Often a type can be modeled either as an owl:Class or as a gist:Category. Use the latter if you don't care much about the formal structure of the different types, or if there is a whole hierarchy of types that are going to be managed by a group separate from the ontology developers. The formal structure may be defined elsewhere and linked to, if necessary.

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Composite
definition: A grouping of things.
example: A jury is a group of people; a financial ledger is a collection of transaction entries; a route is an (ordered) collection of segments.
scope note: Individuals are placed in the collection using the gist:isMemberOf property. Collections typically are created because the members are functionally connected in some way. This definition allows a collection to have zero members.

Commitment
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Intention
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Requirement
    union of: Restriction
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has giver
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is categorized by
    some values from: Degree Of Commitment
definition: A promise made by a single party to one or more parties to do or not do something or act in a particular way.
example: Upon selling a treasury bill, the U.S. government makes a commitment to pay the purchaser a stated amount of money at a stated time.
example: When signing an NDA, the signatory commits to keeping specified information confidential.
scope note: A commitment is unilateral in that it is binding on only one party. This contrasts with gist:Agreement, which consists of commitments that bind two or more parties.
scope note: A single commitment may be made to multiple parties at once; it is a single commitment rather than multiple commitments if the same action would fulfill the obligation to all the parties simultaneously. For example, a performer makes a single commitment to hold a performance to all ticket purchasers; by holding the performance, the commitment to all parties is fulfilled in a single action.
scope note: The manner in which a commitment is binding may vary. In a business context, we are typically interested in commitments that are legally binding.

Component
type: Class
disjoint with: Physical Substance
definition: Something that, while having an independent existence, is inherently part of or designed to be part of a larger entity, such as a system or network.
scope note: A component may be designed or intended as part of a whole without actually being so; e.g., a car steering wheel that is not installed in any car.
scope note: Many things are in a trivial sense a part of a larger thing, but are not considered components because they are not inherently part of that larger thing. For example, while a book may be part of a library (a collection of books), it is not inherently so, and thus is not a component. A playing card, on the other hand, could be considered a component in (member of) a deck of cards. This may be use case-dependent; e.g., car parts might be modeled as components in an automobile manufacturing context but not in a retail auto parts store.
scope note: Physical substances, such as ingredients in a cake batter, do not meet the independent existence criterion, so are not components.
scope note: This class is not disjoint with gist:Composite, because a component may itself break down into smaller components.
scope note: This is an abstract class that is not directly instantiated. Users will define subclasses that are meaningful to their domain of interest.

Composite
type: Class
definition: Something which is made up of various parts or elements that are independently identifiable.
example: A library (collection of books); a network of pipes and valves; a computer network of routers and computers.
scope note: Some composites, like systems, networks, and ordered collections, have internal organization, while others, such as unordered collections, typically do not.
scope note: This class is not disjoint with gist:Component, because a composite can itself be a component of a larger composite.
scope note: This is an abstract class that will not be directly instantiated.

Contemporary Event
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: actual start date time
    cardinality: 1
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: actual end date time
    max cardinality: 0
definition: An event that has started but has not yet ended.
scope note: When the event actually ends, it will cease being contemporary.

Content
type: Class
disjoint with: Geographic Point
disjoint with: Geographic Region
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: Information available in some medium.
example: A document, program, image.
scope note: Categories are not content until they are written down.

Content Expression
type: Class
subclass of: Content
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is categorized by
  some values from: General Media Type
definition: Intellectual property reduced to text, audio, etc. If it contains text (written or spoken), it will be expressed in a language.

Contingent Event
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has magnitude
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Magnitude
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has aspect
        has value: probability
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is triggered by
    some values from: Event
definition: An event with a probability of happening in the future, and usually dependent upon some other event or condition.
example: A fire insurance payout is contingent on a particular building burning down; selling 20 shares of stock in a given company is contingent on the price dropping below $200/share; the death benefit payout on a life insurance policy is contingent on the death of the insured person.

Contingent Obligation
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Commitment
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has giver
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is triggered by
    some values from: Event
definition: An obligation that is not yet firm. There is some contingent event whose occurrence will cause the obligation to become firm.
scope note: A contingent obligation might have a getter counterparty (as in the case of insurance); but it might not (as in the case of an offer).

Contract
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Agreement
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is under jurisdiction of
    some values from: Government Organization
definition: An agreement which can be enforced by law.

Contract Term
type: Class
subclass of: Specification
definition: A specification of some aspect of a contract.

Controlled Vocabulary
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is governed by
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is member of
    some values from: Category
definition: A collection of terms approved and managed by some organization or person.
scope note: A controlled vocabulary is similar to a skos:ConceptScheme, but it could also be used for things that are not concepts, such as organizations, US presidents, geographic regions, etc. Hierarchical relationships between instances of the controlled vocabulary are possible.

Country Geographic Region
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Governed Geographic Region
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is governed by
    some values from: Country Government
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is governed by
  cardinality: 1
definition: A geographic region governed by exactly one country government.

Country Government
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Government Organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is governed by
    some values from: Country Geographic Region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: is governed by
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Country Geographic Region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is governed by
  max qualified cardinality: 0
  on class: Government Organization
disjoint with: Sub-Country Government
definition: A government organization which asserts both sovereignty (i.e., it is not governed by some other government organization) and governance over an entity generally recognized as a country.
scope note: While a country government may enter into treaties with other country governments, there are no governing relationships among the treaty members.

Degree Of Commitment
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: The difficulty of reversing a commitment.
example: A car rental typically has a lower degree of commitment than an airfare reservation.

Determination
type: Class
subclass of: Event
definition: An event whose purpose is to establish a specific result, value, or outcome, usually by research, measuring, evaluating, or calculating.
example: Measuring the sulphur content of crude oil; evaluating a loan application for approval; estimating the price of gas for the next three months; determining whether and by how much an interest rate should change; classifying a purchase into a budget category.

Discipline
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: An area of study or practice.
example: Finance, accounting, project management, acoustics, ballistics.

Electronic Address
type: Class
subclass of: Address
disjoint with: Physical Address
alternative label: Virtual Address
definition: An address referring to a locatable virtual place that does not physically exist but is made by software or electronics to appear to do so.
example: A file system path, website URL, IP address, email address, mobile or landline telephone number.

Electronic Address Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A category indicating a kind of electronic address. Such a category is usually based on the technology that enables routing to the address referent.
example: A URL, file system path, email address, mobile telephone number.

Equipment
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Physical Identifiable Item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is categorized by
    some values from: Equipment Type
definition: Human-made, tangible property other than land or buildings used to perform a task or activity.
example: A machine, a router, a car, a baseball bat.

Equipment Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A category of equipment.

Event
type: Class
disjoint with: Language
disjoint with: Magnitude
disjoint with: Time Interval
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: Something that occurs over a period of time, often characterized as an activity being carried out by some person, organization, or software application or brought about by natural forces.
example: A transaction, conference, baseball game, earthquake.
scope note: An event does not necessarily have either planned or actual start or end datetimes. For example, a conference can be in the planning phase without any dates selected, but is nevertheless an (unscheduled) event. The subclasses of gist:Event state particular restrictions on planned and actual start and end dates.
scope note: An event occurs during a time interval, which is distinct from the event.

Event Specification
type: Class
subclass of: Specification
definition: A characterization of an event that might happen.
example: An insurance company defines the characteristics of a weather event that must be satisfied for it to qualify as a hail storm covered in its homeowner's policy; a bank defines the point at which a borrower defaults on a loan.
scope note: This concept is useful for risk assessment and insurance policies.

Formatted Content
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Content Expression
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is expressed in
    some values from: Media Type
definition: Content which is in a particular format.
example: An HTML website, a PDF document, a JPG image.

Function
type: Class
subclass of: Intention
definition: The activity that a human-made item is intended to perform.
example: Transmit electricity, provide ballast, control ambient temperature.

General Media Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: The real-world media type for content.
example: Audio, still image, video, textual, physical (e.g., a statue), performance (e.g., a play), oil or pastel for a painting.

Geographic Location
type: Class
definition: A physical location, with the earth as a frame of reference.
scope note: A geographic location may be a point, region, or volume.

Geographic Point
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has magnitude
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Magnitude
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has aspect
        has value: altitude
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: latitude
    some values from: double
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: longitude
    some values from: double
subclass of: Geographic Location
disjoint with: Intellectual Property
disjoint with: Intention
disjoint with: Language
disjoint with: Magnitude
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: An individual point on or above the Earth's surface, identified by latitude, longitude and altitude. Altitude is the distance measured from sea level. If altitude is missing, the point is assumed to be at the Earth's surface. These points are described using decimal latitude/longitude.

Geographic Region
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Geographic Location
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has magnitude
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Magnitude
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has aspect
        has value: area
disjoint with: Intellectual Property
disjoint with: Intention
disjoint with: Language
disjoint with: Magnitude
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Template
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: A bounded region (or set of regions) on the surface of the Earth.
example: The bounded shape that defines the region occupied by Crater Lake; the bounded area known as the contiguous USA.
scope note: A geographic region could be non-contiguous; e.g., the region governed by the US federal government is the contiguous area of the lower 48 states plus Alaska, Hawaii, and overseas territories. Child classes in lower ontologies can make this distinction.

Geographic Route
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Ordered Collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is member of
    some values from: Geographic Point
definition: An ordered set of geographic points that defines a path from a starting point to an ending point.
scope note: A geographic route could describe a bus route by identifying the points where the bus stops. A geographic route could describe the boundary of a polygonal geographic region (it does not have to be a travelled route).

Geographic Volume
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Geographic Location
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has magnitude
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: Magnitude
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: has aspect
        has value: volume
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is geographically contained in
    some values from: Geographic Point
definition: A three-dimensional space on or near the surface of the Earth, such as an oil reservoir, the body of a lake, or an airspace.

Governed Geographic Region
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Geographic Region
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is governed by
    some values from: Government Organization
definition: A geographic region governed by at least one government organization.
scope note: Geographic regions do not need not be physically contiguous in order to constitute a governed geographic region; e.g., Alaska and Hawaii are part of the region governed by the United States.

Government Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
disjoint with: Intergovernmental Organization
definition: An independent organization exercising political and/or regulatory authority over a political unit, people, geographical region, etc., as well as performing certain functions for this unit or body.
example: Negative example: A corporation, which is owned and therefore not independent.
example: The State of Washington Office of Financial Management; the Food and Drug Administration; the Scottish Parliament.
scope note: Includes administrative, regulatory, and enforcement organizations created or sanctioned by country or sub-country governments.

Historical Event
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: actual end date time
    some values from: dateTime
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: actual start date time
  some values from: dateTime
definition: An event which occurred in time, with an actual end earlier than the present moment.

ID
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Content
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is allocated by
    some values from: Class
      union of: Intellectual Property
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: unique text
    some values from: string
definition: Content that is used to uniquely identify something or someone.
example: SSN for a person; serial number for a product; employee ID for a person.
scope note: Used in conjunction with gist:isIdentifiedBy.

Intellectual Property
type: Class
disjoint with: Magnitude
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: An intangible work, invention, or concept, independent of its being expressed in text, audio, video, image, or live performance. IP can also be tacit knowledge, know-how, or skill.
example: The Old Man and The Sea; the Page Rank algorithm; the brand Coca Cola.
scope note: For literature this could be called the 'Work', except that 'work' is a highly overloaded term (expenditure of energy, resource consumption, art). Often the first expression precedes our recognition of the IP, but subsequent expressions are known to be derivatives of the IP, even if they are expression-to-expression translations (or copies).
scope note: This concept includes works that are out of copyright or were never formally registered; the defining feature is not that it is legally protected but that it is an intangible creation of the human mind.

Intention
type: Class
disjoint with: Magnitude
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: A goal, desire, or aspiration.
scope note: The 'teleological' aspect of a system that indicates things are done with a purpose.

Intergovernmental Organization
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is member of
    min qualified cardinality: 2
    on class: Government Organization
definition: An organization whose members are government organizations. This can comprise regional, municipal, state/province, or national level entities.
example: The United Nations, the European Union, the Metropolitan Transit Authority.

Knowledge Concept
type: Class
subclass of: Intellectual Property
definition: An abstract concept that arises from the distillation of experience. It is similar to a category but, rather than being a simple tag, it has rich structure.
example: Most domains will define a few subclasses, such as gene, protein, chemical, disease, subject matter, industry, method.
scope note: Some knowledge is about specific instances that already exist in the knowledge graph. We may have knowledge that Judge Jones is more lenient on repeat offenders in the morning; we may know that the earliest killing frost in Fort Collins is the last week of September. These fit the broader definition of knowledge, the distillation of experience. But they do not require any new instances. Judge Jones and Fort Collins already exist and have a place in our knowledge graph. But some knowledge requires that we synthesize new instances in order to have a place to consolidate the knowledge. A disease isn't a tangible thing, like a person or a building. A disease is a prediction that a person's health will decline in a predictable way (without treatment and with treatment). The number of diseases continues to grow as we collectively learn more and more granular distinctions. Lung cancer used to be a single disease, but now we have dozens of fine-grained distinctions; e.g., non-lymphoma small cell fusiform is different from alveolar adenocarcinoma because we now know the prognosis and treatment are different. This superclass is meant as a place for subclasses that will have the instances that represent the foci of the knowledge we have acquired. Note the distinction between a particular portion of, say, gold, which instantiates gist:PhysicalSubstance, and the concept of gold, which instantiates gist:KnowledgeConcept. In some ontologies what we are calling knowledge concepts are defined as classes; e.g., non-lymphoma small cell fusiform and alveolar adenocarcinoma would be two classes rather than two instances. But using a class makes it harder to connect the concept to other instances in a knowledge graph, and furthermore such classes would lack instances.

Landmark
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Identifiable Item
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has physical location
  some values from: Class
    union of: Geographic Region
    union of: Geographic Volume
definition: Something permanently attached to the Earth.
editorial note: See guidance on removing the term in the next major release at https://github.com/semanticarts/gist/issues/947#issuecomment-1679566885.

Language
type: Class
disjoint with: Magnitude
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: A recognized, organized set of symbols and grammar.
example: Natural languages such as English and Spanish; computer languages such as OWL, Python, and XML.

Living Thing
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Physical Identifiable Item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has biological parent
    some values from: Living Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: birth date
    cardinality: 1
definition: Something that is currently, or at some point in time was, alive.
example: A cat, a mushroom, a tree.
example: Negative examples: fictional life forms such as unicorns or Mickey Mouse.
scope note: Not all life forms have exactly two parents, so the restriction only specifies a minimum of one.

Magnitude
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has aspect
    some values from: Aspect
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has unit of measure
    some values from: Unit of Measure
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: numeric value
    some values from: Literal
disjoint with: Organization
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: The amount of a measurable characteristic (aspect).
example: A model of car could have a wheelbase of 113.2 inches. In this example, the aspect is wheelbase, the unit of measure is inch, and the numeric value is 113.2.
scope note: An accuracy can be assigned to a magnitude using the property has accuracy.

Media Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: unique text
  some values from: string
definition: A digitized type that computer applications can recognize.
example: application/sparql-results+xml
scope note: The unique text for an IANA media type is the concatenation of the 'Type name', a slash '/', and the 'Subtype name' as provided on the page displayed when you resolve the URI of the media type.

Medium
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A physical material on which a work can be rendered, represented, or implemented.
example: Paper, clay, a computer monitor.

Message
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Content Expression
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: comes from agent
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: goes to agent
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
definition: A specific instance of content sent from a sender to at least one other recipient.
example: An email, voice, or web service message; a phone call.

Network
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Composite
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is member of
    some values from: Class
      union of: Network Link
      union of: Network Node
definition: A composite consisting of nodes connected by links.
example: A physical network could include connected computers or routers, whereas a social network would consist of related person or organization members (or their proxies, such as accounts).

Network Link
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Component
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is member of
    some values from: Network
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: links
    some values from: Network Node
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: links
  all values from: Network Node
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: links
  cardinality: 2
definition: An abstract representation of the connection between two or more nodes in a network.
example: A network link may be physical, such as pipes, wired or wireless networks, but may also be a link in a non-physical network, such as organizational structures or social networks.
scope note: Each newtork link is connected to a network node via the property gist:links or one of its subproperties.

Network Node
type: Class
subclass of: Component
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is member of
  some values from: Network
definition: A node in a network.
example: A person's account is a node in a social network; a valve is a node in a network of pipes.

Offer
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Contingent Obligation
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has giver
    some values from: Class
      union of: Organization
      union of: Person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: offers to provide
    some values from: Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: offers to receive
    some values from: Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: planned end date time
    some values from: dateTime
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: planned start date time
    some values from: dateTime
definition: A contingent commitment to buy, sell, swap or provide one or more described or identified goods or services in exchange for another (or others).
example: An offer to sell a book for a given price; an offer to purchase real estate for a particular price; an offer to swap a sea kayak for a mountain bike; currency exchange. A donation may be modeled as an offer to receive money typically in exchange for $0.00, but sometimes for items of value such as coffee mugs or T-shirts.
scope note: Dates on an offer represent the time period the offer is valid for, as in '25% off through October 25, 2025'.

Ordered Collection
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Collection
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Restriction
      on property:
        inverse of: is first member of
      some values from: Ordered Member
    union of: Restriction
      on property:
        inverse of: is member of
      cardinality: 0
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is member of
    all values from: Ordered Member
definition: A collection whose members are ordered in some way.
scope note: Includes partially ordered collections as well as collections in which members occupy the same position in a 'tie.' All members of an ordered collection are ordered members.

Ordered Member
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Component
  intersection of: Class
    union of: Restriction
      on property: precedes directly
      some values from: Ordered Member
    union of: Restriction
      on property:
        inverse of: precedes directly
      some values from: Ordered Member
    union of: Restriction
      on property: sequence
      some values from: integer
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: provides order for
    some values from: Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is member of
    all values from: Ordered Collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is member of
    cardinality: 1
definition: A member of an ordered collection serving as a proxy for a real world item, which can appear in different orders in different collections. The ordered member appears in exactly one ordered collection.
example: A person may rank 12th in the Boston Marathon but 29th in the New York City Marathon.
scope note: An ordered member points to the real world item via the providesOrderFor property. Ordering information is represented either as a number in a sequence, or by preceding or following another ordered member.

Organization
type: Class
disjoint with: Physical Identifiable Item
disjoint with: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Schema Meta Data
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: A structured entity formed to achieve specific goals, typically involving members with defined roles.
example: Legal entities like companies; non-legal entities like clubs, committees, or departments.
scope note: Not all organizations have members, e.g. shell companies.
scope note: While typically the members of organizations are people, in some cases they are other organizations; e.g., the members of the United Nations are country governments.

Permission
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Intention
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: allows
    some values from: Behavior
definition: A description of things one is permitted to do.
example: Permission could be broad, such as free speech, but more often is very specific, such as the right to enter a particular property.

Person
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Living Thing
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has biological parent
    some values from: Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has biological parent
  all values from: Person
definition: A human being who was or is alive.
example: Negative example: fictional characters.

Physical Action Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A category indicating the type of an action based on its effect in the physical world.
example: Lifting a garage door, turning off a valve, dropping cadmium rods.

Physical Address
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Address
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: refers to
    some values from: Geographic Location
subclass of: Address
definition: An address that refers to a locatable place within the physical universe.
example: 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20500; PO Box 7704, San Francisco, CA 94120-7704; Room 317 in the Louvre Museum.

Physical Address Type
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: A category indicating local customary characterizations of physical addresses.
example: Street address, PO box, FPO code.

Physical Event
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: occurs in
    some values from: Geographic Location
definition: An event that can be said to have occurred at some place in space.
example: A meeting, a car accident.
example: Negative examples: Excludes events that have no meaningful location, such as financial events or project milestones.

Physical Identifiable Item
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has magnitude
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: Magnitude
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has aspect
      has value: mass
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has magnitude
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: Magnitude
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has aspect
      has value: volume
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is made up of
  some values from: Physical Substance
disjoint with: Schema Meta Data
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: A discrete physical object which, if subdivided, will result in parts that are distinguishable in nature from the whole and in general also from the other parts.
example: A computer, a book, a car.
scope note: This concept generally corresponds to count nouns in English. By contrast, physical substances, such as an amount of water, flour, or sand, are mass nouns. Physical identifiable items are made up of physical substances; e.g., a cake is made up of butter, flour, and sugar; a statue is made of bronze. If you divide a physical substance such as an amount of water into parts, you have two amounts of water otherwise indistinguishable from one another; if you divide a physical identifiable item such as a computer into parts, each part is different from the whole.

Physical Substance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has magnitude
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: Magnitude
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has aspect
      has value: mass
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has magnitude
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: Magnitude
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has aspect
      has value: volume
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: An undifferentiated amount of physical material which, when subdivided, results in each part being indistinguishable in nature from the whole and from every other part.
example: An amount of water, penicillin, sand, or gold.
example: Negative example: the concept of gold.
scope note: An instance of this class has weight and takes up space. We mean the physical gold in a ring, not the concept of gold that shows up in the periodic table. The latter would be an instance of gist:KnowledgeConcept.
scope note: This concept generally corresponds to mass nouns in English. By contrast, instances of PhysicalIdentifiableItem, such as a computer, book, or car, are count nouns. PhysicalIdentifiableItems are made up of PhysicalSubstances; e.g., a cake is made up of butter, flour, and sugar; a ring is made of gold. If you divide a PhysicalSubstance such as an amount of water into parts, you have different amounts of water otherwise indistinguishable from one another; if you divide a PhysicalIdentifiableItem such as a computer into parts, each part will be distinguishable from the original whole.

Product Category
type: Class
subclass of: Category
definition: Any of many ways of categorizing products.
example: Automobile models, NATO product codes.

Product Specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Catalog Item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is categorized by
    some values from: Product Category
definition: Offering something which could be physically warehoused or digitally stored.

Project
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Task
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is part of
    some values from: Task
definition: A task, usually of longer duration, made up of other tasks.
example: Designing an insurance product; adding a new feature to a software application; assessing the level of risk for a mortgage application.

Reference Value
type: Class
subclass of: Magnitude
definition: A magnitude that was neither measured nor estimated but set by fiat.
example: The sales goal for a company.

Rendered Content
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Formatted Content
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is rendered on
    some values from: Medium
definition: Content which has been physically expressed.
example: Words printed on paper; audio played on speakers; images displayed on monitors.

Requirement
type: Class
subclass of: Intention
definition: The obligation of a person or organization to behave in a certain way.
example: In the US, drivers must drive on the right side of the road.

Restriction
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Intention
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: prevents
    some values from: Behavior
definition: A description of things one is prevented from doing.
example: In the US, tax laws restrict the amount of money a person can put in retirement accounts over the course of a year.

Scheduled Event
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: planned start date time
    some values from: dateTime
definition: An event with a planned start datetime.
scope note: If the event already started, but has not yet ended, it is a contemporary event with an actual start datetime. If the event is over, it is a historical event having an actual end datetime. The event always retains its planned start datetime, and thus continues to be a scheduled event.

Scheduled Task
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Scheduled Event
  intersection of: Task
definition: A task with a planned start datetime.
scope note: If work on the task has already started, but has not yet ended, it will have an actual start datetime. If the task is completed, it will also have an actual end datetime. The task always retains its planned start time, and thus continues to be a scheduled task.

Schema Meta Data
type: Class
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: Superclass for all types of metadata.
example: Relational concepts, such as tables and columns; tool inputs, such as queries and R2RML maps.
scope note: The definition of this class needs additional work.

Service Specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Catalog Item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is based on
    some values from: Event
definition: A description of something that can be done for a person or organization (which produces some form of an act).

Specification
type: Class
subclass of: Intention
definition: One or more characteristics that specify what it means to be a particular type of thing, such as a material, product, service or event. A specification is sufficiently precise to allow evaluating conformance to the specification.
example: The specification of the iPhone 14; hypothetical events covered by a homeowner's insurance policy.
scope note: Although a characterization of how to do something is often called a specification, the intended meaning here is limited to specifying what something is. The focus is on the what, not the how. Use gist:TaskTemplate for specifying the how, such as a plan or process specification.

Sub-Country Government
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Government Organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is governed by
    some values from: Country Government
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is governed by
    some values from: Geographic Region
definition: The government of a governed geographic region other than a country which is under the direct or indirect control of a country government.
scope note: Note that the predicate gist:isGovernedBy is used both for the relationship a governed geographic region has to its government and for the relationship a sub-region government has to the government of the larger region.
scope note: There are many types of sub-regions of a country and the governments thereof (as well as different terms, like 'province' and 'state,' which refer to essentially the same type of thing). We should not automatically assume 'state,' 'county,' and 'city.' Subclasses or categories can be defined if greater specificity is needed.
scope note: This class applies only to organizations governing geographic regions. Regulatory and bureaucratic organizations are members of the more generic gist:GovernmentOrganization class.

System
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Composite
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: is direct part of
    some values from: Component
definition: A composite with component parts that contribute to the goal of the system.

Tag
type: Class
subclass of: Category
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contained text
  some values from: string
definition: A term in a folksonomy used to categorize things. Tags can be made up on the fly by users.
scope note: Whether to use gist:containedText or gist:uniqueText on tags is an implementation decision. Since the latter is a subproperty of the former, the restriction remains valid either way.

Task
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has goal
    some values from: Intention
definition: An activity or piece of work that is either proposed, planned, scheduled, underway, or completed.
scope note: Something that could potentially be executed, which is merely described but not proposed in any specific way, such as a business process for onboarding a new employee, or the steps in a recipe for making polyethylene from ethylene, is not a task but rather a task template.
scope note: This term is broader than the English word 'task,' which implies assignment, responsibility, or duty. In ordinary English going to a concert has a goal but is (generally) done for pleasure rather than out of obligation, and would not be considered a task, while according to the gist definition it is a task. The expansion of meaning is deliberate, so that anything that has a goal and can be specified by a task template is a task.
scope note: Use the property gist:isBasedOn to link a task back to the task template.

Task Template
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Template
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has goal
    some values from: Intention
definition: An outline of a task of a particular type, which is the basis for executing such tasks.
example: A business process for onboarding new employees.
scope note: A task template may define a single activity or a series of activities; the level of granularity can be varied according to use case. For example, in a new employee onboarding process, signing up for benefits might be one activity, or it might be broken down into signing up for health insurance, signing up for dental insurance, etc.
scope note: Use the property isBasedOn to link the Task back to the TaskTemplate.

Template
type: Class
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: Something used to make objects in its own image.
example: A die in manufacturing is used to make stamped parts; a form provides a structure and fields to be filled in; a cookie cutter is a template for cookies.
scope note: Use gist:isBasedOn to link the object made from the template back to the template.

Temporal Relation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  min cardinality: 2
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: start date time
  cardinality: 1
definition: A relationship existing for a period of time.
example: The relationship between a person and their employer; the relationship between a person or business and an address.
scope note: A temporal relation must have a minimum of two participants. For example, both the employer and the employee are participants in a temporal relation representing a period of employment. Note that 'participant' does not imply agency; a non-sentient being can participate in a temporal relation. For example, both a person and a house could be participants in a hypothetical relation 'lives at.'

Text
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Content Expression
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is expressed in
    some values from: Language
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: contained text
    some values from: string
definition: Content expressed as words and numbers.
example: Negative example: graphical content.

Time Interval
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has magnitude
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Class
    intersection of: Magnitude
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: has aspect
      has value: duration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: end date time
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: start date time
  cardinality: 1
definition: A span of time with a known start time, end time, and duration. As long as two of the three are known, the third can be inferred.
example: 7pm to 9pm on Jan 1, 2001; fiscal year 2023 (according to some particular definition of fiscal year); the week starting at midnight of January 12, 2023 and lasting exactly 168 hours.
scope note: An ongoing state of affairs with an unknown end time in the future cannot be a time interval; e.g. the lifespan of a living person cannot be a time interval, as the end time is unknown.
scope note: This is distinct from a duration, which describes how long a time interval lasts (e.g., one hour; 3 days; 22 minutes).

Transaction
type: Class
subclass of: Event
definition: An exchange or transfer of goods, services, or funds.
scope note: Different sorts of transactions can have different datetime precisions. For example, an electronic transaction would have a gist:actualEndMicrosecond.

Unit Group
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: is member of
  some values from: Unit of Measure
disjoint with: Unit of Measure
definition: A collection of units of measure that can all be used to measure the same aspects.
example: The units of measure bit, byte, kilobit, kilobyte, etc. are all in the same unit group because they can all be used to measure an amount of data.
scope note: Typically there is one unit group per aspect. An example of an aspect with two unit groups is vehicle efficiency, which can be measured by miles per gallon (distance per volume) or by liters per 100 kilometers (volume per distance). These two units of measure need to be in different unit groups because they have different values of exponents. When adding a unit of measure to a unit group, make sure it has the same exponents as the other members of the unit group.

Unit of Measure
type: Class
definition: A standard amount used to measure or specify things.
example: An acre is a unit for measuring area.

altitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect altitude.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect area.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect duration.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

balance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect financial balance.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect mass.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

monetary value
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect monetary value.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

probability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect probability.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.

volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Aspect
definition: The aspect volume.
editorial note: This instance has been duplicated from reference data so it can be used in property restrictions.